Reading Literature Vocabulary Essays

Reading Literature Vocabulary Essays Reading Literature Vocabulary Paper Reading Literature Vocabulary Paper we are using these clues context clues These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word. They are called ___ controlling The _____ idea of a passage is the idea which is dealt with and recurs throughout the passage. cultural elements This includes language, ideologies, beliefs, values, and norms. These elements help to shape the life of a society. cultural setting This is the phrase for the set of values, beliefs, and opinions shared by a group and surrounding the author at the time of her writing. definition Usually found in a dictionary, this tells you the meaning of a word or phrase. denotation the literal definition detail piece of info used to support main idea dialouge words spoken by characters diction This is the writers choice of words, including the vocabulary used, the appropriateness of the words, and the vividness of the language. direct characterization When a character is revealed by clear descriptions by the author, this is called _____ characterization. dynamic a character that changes in a story euphamism This is the substitution of an agreeable or non-offensive phrase for one that might be unpleasant or offensive. event This word means anything that happens to or is done by a character in a story. evidence information that supports a though or belief experience the name for what is gathered through the process of living fiction writing about imaginary characters and events figurative language goes beyond the literal meanings of words to create special effects or feelings flashback This is a scene, a conversation, or an event that interrupts the present action to show something that happened in the past flat character character that is not fully developed formal language This kind of language usually has longer sentences and a greater variety of words than everyday speech. Slang, contractions, and jargon are avoided. historical context the setting and circumstances in which a literary work is written or an event occurs. historical setting This is the political, social, cultural, and economic time and place surrounding the creation of a literary text. idiom a phrase in common use that can not be understood by literal or ordinary meaninga implied meaning a suggested but not stated definition indirect This is when an author reveals a person in the story through his/her words, thoughts, appearance, action, or what others think or say about him/her. It is called ___ characterization. inference This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read. You make an _____. informal language This is what people use in everyday speech. It usually consists of fairly short sentences and simple vocabulary. It is called _______ speech or language informal text This is a type of real-world writing that presents material that is necessary or valuable to the reader. internal conflict when a character has a problem within his or herself jargon This refers to the language of a specialized type, usually dealing with a narrow area of study or knowledge. It has a slightly negative connotation, and can imply that the language is mere word play literal meaning This is the ordinary, usual, or exact meaning of words, phrases, or passages. No figurative language or interpretation is involved. literary summary A _____ summary is a synopsis of the events, characters, and ideas in a work of literature. main idea the central and most important idea of a passage media means of mass communication medium a way of communicating information motivation This is the wants, needs, or beliefs that cause a character to act or react in a particular way. mystery This is a genre that often includes detectives and a crime that must be solved. myth This is a traditional tale about gods, goddesses, heroes, and other characters. mythology This is a body or collection of tales belonging to a people and addressing their origin, history, deities, ancestors, and heroes. It explains the actions of gods and goddesses or the cause of natural phenomena and includes supernatural elements. nonliteral This is when the meaning is NOT exact or word for word. It is figurative and it requires interpretation. opinion This is an expression of an authors personal belief. It is not something that can be proved to be true or false. paraphrase This is the restatement of a written work in ones own words that keeps the basic meaning of the original work. person vs self This describes the type of conflict when the leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his conscience, feelings, or ideas. perspective This is a writers or speakers point of view about a particular subject, and is often influenced by their beliefs or by events in their lives. plot a series of events that happens in a literary work point of view This is the perspective from which a story is told. It is the way the author lets the readers see and hear the story; who tells the story quote If you repeat the words someone else has said or written, you ______ them. scene This is a small division of a play that usually happens in a particular time and place. sequence the order in which events are told in a story sequencing This is arranging things in order so they can be numbered or related in a connected series. setting the time and place of a story shakespeare He was a great poet and playwright during the English Renaissance. His works include Romeo and Juliet, The Tragedy of Macbeth, and many sonnets. source this is a person, book, document, website or record that provides information. or A research __________ is any material that can be used to locate information about a given topic. static A _________ character does not change during the course of the action. structure This refers to a writers arrangement or overall design of a literary work. It is the way words, sentences, and paragraphs are organized to create a complete work. summarize to state breifly support to strengthen or prove an argument or idea by providing facts, details, examples and other information or To strengthen your ideas and opinions with examples, facts, or details is to add _____ details supporting evidence These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis. technical writing This is writing that communicates specific information about a particular subject, craft, or occupation. tension This is a form of suspense or potential conflict. It can occur between characters or arise from general situations. theme This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work. thesis The main point or central idea that a writer states and then endeavors to prove is called a ____. thesis statement This is the the main idea of an essay, usually expressed as a generalization that is supported with concrete evidence. tone This is the attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or a character. topic This is the specific part of a subject that is dealt with in a research paper or in an essay. traditional text This is the CONVENTIONAL means of relating a story or information-generally in print format like novels or storybooks. It includes CLASSIC stories such as myths and folktales. universal theme this is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people. viewpoint This is a writers opinion or standpoint on an issue word choice This is another way of saying diction. This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing. or This is the authors or speakers craft or style. It might be formal, informal, or even slang. Diction is a synonym. analogy this is a comparison based on a similarity between things that are otherwise dissimilar authors purpose the reason for creating written work categorical claim This is a blanket statement about something. It is used to as a strategy to convince readers of the truth of the writers position. It is called a __________ claim. Chronological Order This is the arrangement of events in the order in which they occur. Circular When two ideas are used to prove each other, we call this ________ reasoning. Claim When an author makes a ____, (s)he is stating something which might or might not be true. It must be argued. Clarify This is to clear up or to make information more understandable: to explain. Counter Argument This is an argument that makes an opposing point to another argument. It expresses the view of a person who disagrees with your position. Deductive Logic This is the process of forming a specific consequence from general observations. Directions These are the instructions that tell how to do something. Either-Or Fallacy Technique This propaganda technique is also called black-and-white thinking because only two choices are given. You are either for something or against it; there is no middle ground or shades of gray. It is used to polarize issues, and negates all attempts to find a common ground. Evidence This is information that supports a thought or belief. Explicit Directions Directions that are clearly stated are also called ______. Fact This is a statement that can be proved to be true or false. It is not an opinion. Fallacious Reasoning This is reasoning based on false or invalid arguments. Fallacy This is a false or mistaken idea or statement. Implied Meaning This is a suggested, but not stated, definition. In-text Citation This phrase refers to the documentation of information within the body of a paper: when you provide information about the source within your paper. Literal This is an exact word-for-word meaning, without exaggeration. Literary Narrative This is a collection of events that tells a story, which may be true or not, placed in a particular order and recounted through either telling or writing. Logical Fallacy This is a part of an argument that is flawed and makes the argument invalid, an error in reasoning. Logical Order This refers to the way that ideas and details are arranged in a piece of writing. Multiple Meaning This is when one word has more than one definition. Order Of Importance This is used when details are organized by degree of impact. Organization In writing, this is the process of ordering, structuring and presenting information. It is called the _____ of the text. Paragraph This is a section in a piece of writing that discusses a particular point or topic. It always begins with a new line, usually with indentation. Persuade This is to convince Persuasive Appeal This is a type of writing or speech that attempts to convince a reader to think or act in a particular manner. Persuasive Techniques These are techniques used to convince. They include repetition, sentence variety, understatement, and overstatement. Persuasive Text This type of text attempts to convince a reader to adopt a particular opinion or course of action. Phrase This is a group of words used as a single part of speech. Purpose This is an authors intention, reason, or drive for writing the piece. Question And Answer This is a way to organize paragraph or composition structure in which the author poses a question then answers it. Refine This is to make improvements to a piece of writing. Relevant When something closely relates to a subject it is called _________ to the subject. Rhetorical Strategy This is a plan an author uses to effectively deliver the intended message in written work. Series This is a list of three or more items, usually separated by commas. Speech This is a talk or public address. Supporting Sentence A _____ sentence helps to clarify, describe, explain, or enhance the main idea of a paragraph. Valid This is a statement that is sound or just, well-founded. Validity This of a source means the accuracy of the information. Is it up-to-date, written by a reliable author, contained in a reputable publication, and directly related to the topic?

The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essays

The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essays The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essay The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essay Research Paper The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals A mile below one of Mexicos most important lead and silver mines, and a few miles above the earths magma lies a magnificent Geological Wonder. It Is Known As â€Å"The Cave Of Crystals. It contains the largest gypsum crystals known in the world to date. The cave was discovered in 2000 by two brothers drilling 1000 feet below the ground while working for Penoles mining company (Garcia-Ruiz et al. ). Man and mining have had a negative impact on the crystals, and should be held accountable for the future fate of this geological wonder. We must prevent its destruction, and benefit from the knowledge that science can gain studding this unique treasure. Cave mineralogy is a fairly new field of study that will continue to grow and earn a prestigious place in the larger scientific community. This find is the most important geological discovery made in our lifetime. This phenomenon merits a description. Growing up from the floor, the enormous crystals mirror columns of light, perfectly transparent and luminous. Among the giants is a prismatic shaped crystal measuring 11 m long. Many perfectly formed shards up to a meter in size sparkle and shimmer across the ceiling and walls. It is a magical place, described as a surreal fantasy world (London, 25). [pic] In Northern Mexico, about 100km, southeast of the city Chihuahua lies the Naica Mine. It has been operated by the Penoles mining company since 1952. They are the largest producers of lead and silver in Mexico, along with the production of zinc. The opening to the mine is on the North side of the Sierra de Naica, which according to scientific data lies above three known faults, the Gibraltar, Naica and the Montana. These faults still control the rise of thermal fluids. Hydrothermal circulation is responsible for the location of mineral deposits. Many years ago, tectonic stressors created cavities inside the aquifer; one of these caves today is called â€Å"The cave of crystals. † It is famous for the gypsum giants (Forti, 135). This discovery holds many secrets that will be exposed by science. The geological process that dictated the unique environment from which these giants materialized consisted of the natural pairing of two diverse fluids filling into the cave. One being from the deep, (phreatic), and the other from the shallow or (epi-phreatic) and vadose levels. These hydrothermal fluids, which are directly connected to the origin of the caves and mines, have been functioning as they are today for over twenty five million years. Over time, with these two chemicals overlapping and mixing with one another, we end up with an overabundance, referred to as â€Å"super-saturation† (Fricker, Garofalo, and Gunther, 620) This formed the perfect nursery required to develop these gorgeous gargantuans. A 2011 Journal printed a paper entitled â€Å"Role of Fluid Inclusion Analysis in Understanding Giagintic Selenite Crystal Growth in a Deep Karst Cave. â€Å"The paper offered a recent study of fluid inclusion has shown that the crystals were formed within a small margin of temperature. The solubility of gypsum and anhydrite are the same at just under 54 °C. These crystals grow at low supersaturation and from low salinity solutions. The analysis data shows that dissolution of anhydrite formed during hydrothermal mineralization produces a growth solution consistent with that of oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions of gypsum crystals. This study puts forth that the huge crystals were created by a self-feeding system, fueled by a solution-mediated anhydrite-gypsum phase transition (Garcia-Ruiz, 327-330). Man and mining have had a negative impact on these wondrous crystals. Based on the current research and data available concerning the growth of crystals, the oldest Naica mine crystals date back about 400,000 years. This date is not exact. Scientists measure present day rate of growth to determine the precise age of a crystal. Unfortunately, these caves were dewatered by the mining industry in 1985. This lowering of the water table stopped the accretion process. The supersaturated water that fed the crystals was no longer available (Badino et al. 124). Man has put an end to this amazing geological environment that has existed for somewhere around four hundred thousand years. According to the International Journal of Speleology, the temperature inside the cave has drastically decreased. The main part of the mine has been connected to the cave and this creates air circulation. The cave temp drops 0. 6 degrees C. per year. The dew point was met in 2005 and a condensation process started. â€Å"At this location the giant gypsum crystals started to rapidly dissolve and new mineral phases began to precipitate† (Badino, 126). Once again, we have evidence of damage being done by mankind. The International Journal of Speleology states that upon analysis secondary minerals that appeared after the dewatering of the crystals the evolution of new speleothems seems to be due to the fluids contained in the crystals themselves. The Journal states: â€Å"Thus, for the first time, the fundamental role played by evaporationcondensation processes have been applied not only to the shape of speleothems, but also to the control of their mineral composition† (Badino et al. 125). There is much to be learned by the scientific community by studying this unique environment. Members of the Suttle Laboratory of Marine Virology and Microbiology were permitted in December, 2009, to take water samples from several different locations inside the mine. The temperatures inside the cave reach as high as 40 C and a relative humidity between 90 and 100%. As a result chemo autotrophic microbes, at present, ( because of their isolation) and their viruses may be related to those which dwelled on our earth at a much earlier time, or even possibly on other planets. It is hypothesized they exist and thrive in this ecosystem. The researchers from the team explained that â€Å"by working with these samples. We hope to gain insight into what types of microbial assemblages inhabit this very unique environment† (Suttle). In 1997 The National Speleological Society published a book titled â€Å"Cave Minerals of the World. The demands made by the Nomenclatures and Classification Commission on New Minerals and by the International Mineralogical Association were met. In 2011 and up-to-date list added 319 cave minerals. Mineralogy has achieved a rapid growth over the last 10 years. This is mostly due to progress in analytical facilities and new technology. The study of speleothems can teach us about quaternary climate change, and show us the difference between many speleogenetic routes and passages. Minerals can also lead us to understand and re-create landscape evolution. New minerals hold valuable information for the fields of the Earth sciences, and many other disciplines of study. They will answer many questions in the future (ONAC et al. ). According to the University of South Florida, Department of Geology, and other experts in the field â€Å"The result of cave mineral studies, when integrating stable isotope analysis with other microanalytical techniques, can be reassembled to test and improve conceptual ideas in mineral precipitation and to quantify geochemical processes associated with it† (ONAC et al. 4). Important discoveries have been made at the mines in Naica. Here are a few examples: Sulfates- Alpersite and Antlerite- Naica mine, Mexico. Cave at 150m. Silicates- Hectorite- â€Å"Cueva de las Espadas, Naica, Mexico. † Grientite- â€Å"Cueva de los Velas, Naica, Mexico† (ONAC et al. 34-36). There is no reason to assume that the most recent discovery, the â€Å"Cave of Crystals† has nothing to offer. This magnif icent find holds the interest of geologists, microbiologists, Earth scientists and many other allied professionals. They should be permitted, no, encouraged, to learn all they can before the cave returns back to its underwater existence, and is lost to us forever. The traditional study of minerals did not include much direct interest in the cave environment. Cave mineralogy is a field relatively new to science. This inattention stemmed from the fact that 90% of minerals found in caves are composed of aragonite and calcite (Bogdan and Forti, 80). Cave minerals known as speleothems are secondary deposits. Many of them have little or nothing to do with the actual cave itself. They were carried or transported as the existing cave was being filled or by corrosion after-the-fact. (Bogdan and Forti,79-80). Entering the 19th century, less than 10 scientific papers were published, detailing around 10 minerals, only including four different caves. Progress was made. By the 20th century 50 cave minerals were known and 250 papers have been published. The 60s brought with them 700 scientific papers on the subject, and some 80 described cave minerals. The third millennium brought about nearly 5000 papers published about 300 cave minerals and their environments were detailed. Today we average 2 to 3 new mineral each year (Bogdan and Forti, 81). Many of these minerals are new to science. Their surprise wealth is the result of separate forces working together. Percolating water causes the leaching of sediment and rocks before entering the cave. (Leaching releases solid-state radionuclides or contaminants into the liquid state. ) Another factor is high hydrogen sulfide solutions or hydrothermal liquid interplay with the cave sediments and the base rock. The same chemical compounds can form totally different product specimens. In other words completely different results can form from the same exact chemical compounds. The type of reaction that is undergone is the determining factor of the formation that is left behind (Bogdan and Forti,80). A variety of reactions take place in the cave environment. The key factors are: pH, Eh, changes in humidity and temperature, the chemistry of the solution and the presence or lack thereof microorganisms. Some common cave reaction types are: segregation and sublimation- processes result in phase transition. The key mechanism is temperature. Geochemical processes: oxidation/reduction, hydration/dehydration and double replacement these key mechanisms seem to be the concentration of acids (Bogdan and Forti,82). The cave of crystals should be left unharmed and be studied by the scientific community. It holds many answers that will benefit us in many ways. It should then be returned to the state in which we found it. This unique treasure and its knowledge are worth more to mankind than the ore produced by the mine. For the time being the caves should be open for geologists to study while there is a chance, as there is much to be learned. Badino, Giovanni, et al. â€Å"the present day genesis and evolution of cave minerals inside the Ojo de la Reina Cave, Mexico. † international Journal of Speleology 40. 03926672 (2011): 125-131. Google Scholar. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. . Bogdan, Onac P, and Paolo Forti. â€Å"Minerogenetic mechanisms occurring in the cave environment. † International Journal of Speleology 40. 2 (2011): 79-98. PDF file. Forti, Paolo. Genissis and Evoloution of the Caves in the Naica Mine (Chihuahua, Mexico). † Zeitschrift Fur Geomorphologie 54 Suool . 2. 0115 (2010): 135. Google Scholar. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. Fricker, Mattias B, Paolo S Garofalo, and Detlef Gunther. â€Å"Role of Fluid Inclusion Analysis in Understanding Giagintic Selenite Crystal Growth in a Deep Karst Cave (Naica, Mexico). † Highlights of Analytical Chemistry in Switzerland 65, No 7/? 8 (2011 ): 620. google Scholar. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. . Garcia-Ruiz, Juan Manuel, et al. â€Å"Formationof Natural Gypsum Megacrystals in Naica, Mexico. Geology 35 no4: 327-330. Google Scholar. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. London, David. Figure 8. 14 Dec. 2002. New â€Å"Cave of Crystals† at Naica, Chihua, Mexico. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. -. â€Å"] New â€Å"Cave of the Crystals† at Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico. † Earth Scientist Magazine (2003): 24 27. google scholar. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. . ONAC, Bogdan P, et al. â€Å"State of the art and challenges in cave minerals studies. † Studia UBB Geologia 56. 1: 33-42. PDF file. Suttle, Curtis A. â€Å"Naica. † Suttle Laboratory. University of British Columbia, 27 Nov. 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. .

The Impact of Afterschool Programs within California High Schools Research Paper

The Impact of Afterschool Programs within California High Schools - Research Paper Example This report declares that in the study of the impact of after school programs within California high schools, the variables were debate, church, track, football, baseball, basketball, swim team, lacrosse, soccer, karate, volleyball, tennis, cheerleading, gymnastics, dance, no after school activities, students’ academics and community involvement. Variables are the factors or elements which make up a given argument as they act on each other in various ways. They are the determinants of how a given phenomenon shall turn out to be. There are different types of variables. Generally speaking, there are the dependent variables and the independent variables. The independent variables are those which do not change regardless. This paper makes a conclusion that doctors and psychologists concur that indeed at the high school age, the students have a young body and brain all of which are growing at a very fast rate. There are very many changes that are taking place in the body of the students at this point in time and putting too much stress on them is a recipe for disaster. In this regard, considering the fact that the academic content in high schools is one of the toughest and nerve racking, it is very recommended that a way is devised for taking the stress away from the students. There is no better way than engaging the students in after school programs on a daily basis. It is a source of comfort that is effective in the restoration of sanity to the young minds of the high school students. In the study of the impact of after school programs within California high schools, the variables were debate, church, track, football, baseball, basketball, swim team, lacrosse, soccer, karate, volleyball, tennis, chee rleading, gymnastics, dance, no after school activities, students’ academics and community involvement. Variables are the factors or elements which make up a given argument as they act on each other in various ways. They are the determinants of how a given phenomenon shall turn out to be. There are different types of variables. Generally speaking, there are the dependent variables and the independent variables. The independent variables are those which do not change regardless. They are not affected by any other factors or variables. They are usually factors which are either permanent or are changed by supernatural factors. In this case, they are the students’ academics and community involvement which are always invariable. On the other hand, dependent variables are those which rely on other variables so as to act in a given fashion. They cannot stand on their own as changes which occur on other factors would alter them to behave