Pterosaurs - The Flying Reptiles - Evolution

Pterosaurs - The Flying Reptiles - Evolution Pterosaurs (winged reptiles) hold an exceptional spot throughout the entire existence of life on earth: they were the primary animals, other than bugs, to effectively populate the skies. The development of pterosaurs generally resembled that of their earthbound cousins, the dinosaurs, as the little, basal types of the late Triassic time frame step by step offered approach to greater, further developed structures in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. (See a total, start to finish rundown of pterosaurs.) Before we continue, however, its imperative to address one significant confusion. Scientistss have discovered unquestionable verification that cutting edge winged animals are plummeted not from pterosaurs, however from little, feathered, land-bound dinosaurs (truth be told, on the off chance that you could by one way or another look at the DNA of a pigeon, a Tyrannosaurus Rex and a Pteranodon, the initial two would be more firmly identified with one another than either would be to the third). This is a case of what scientists call focalized development: nature has a method of finding similar arrangements (wings, empty bones, and so on.) to a similar issue (how to fly). The First Pterosaurs Similar to the case with dinosaurs, scientistss dont yet have enough proof to distinguish the single old, non-dinosaur reptile from which all pterosaurs advanced (the absence of a missing linksay, an earthly archosaur with half-created folds of skinmay be delighting to creationists, however you need to recollect that fossilization involves possibility. Most ancient species arent spoke to in the fossil record, basically in light of the fact that they kicked the bucket in conditions that didnt take into account their protection.) The principal pterosaurs for which we have fossil proof thrived during the center to late Triassic period, around 230 to 200 million years prior. These flying reptiles were portrayed by their little size and long tails, just as dark anatomical highlights (like the bone structures in their wings) that recognized them from the further developed pterosaurs that followed. These rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, as theyre called, incorporate Eudimorphodon (perhaps the most punctual pterosaur known), Dorygnathus and Rhamphorhynchus, and they endured into the ahead of schedule to center Jurassic period. One issue with distinguishing the rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs of the late Triassic and early Jurassic time frames is that most examples have been uncovered in cutting edge England and Germany. This isnt in light of the fact that early pterosaurs got a kick out of the chance to summer in western Europe; rather, as clarified above, we can just discover fossils in those zones that loaned themselves to fossil arrangement. There may well have been tremendous populaces of Asian or North American pterosaurs, which may (or may not) have been anatomically particular from the ones with which were recognizable. Later Pterosaurs By the late Jurassic time frame, rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs had been basically supplanted by pterodactyloid pterosaurslarger-winged, shorter-followed flying reptiles exemplified by the notable Pterodactylus and Pteranodon. (The most punctual distinguished individual from this gathering, Kryptodrakon, lived around 163 million years back.) With their bigger, increasingly flexibility wings of skin, these pterosaurs had the option to skim farther, quicker, and higher up in the sky, plunging down like falcons to cull fish off the outside of seas, lakes and streams. During the Cretaceous time frame, pterodactyloids took after dinosaurs in one significant regard: an expanding pattern toward gigantism. In the center Cretaceous, the skies of South America were controlled by enormous, vivid pterosaurs like Tapejara and Tupuxuara, which had wingspans of 16 or 17 feet; still, these huge fliers looked like sparrows close to the genuine monsters of the late Cretaceous, Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus, the wingspans of which surpassed 30 feet (far bigger than the biggest hawks alive today). Heres where we go to another exceedingly significant yet. The tremendous size of these azhdarchids (as mammoth pterosaurs are known) has driven a few scientistss to hypothesize that they never really flew. For instance, an ongoing investigation of the giraffe-sized Quetzalcoatlus shows that it had some anatomical highlights, (for example, little feet and a solid neck) perfect for following little dinosaurs ashore. Since advancement will in general recurrent similar examples, this would respond to the humiliating inquiry of why present day winged animals have never developed to azhdarchid-like sizes. Regardless, before the finish of the Cretaceous time frame, the pterosaursboth enormous and smallwent wiped out alongside their cousins, the earthly dinosaurs and marine reptiles. Its conceivable that the power of genuine feathered flying creatures spelled fate for more slow, less flexible pterosaurs, or that in the outcome of the K/T Extinction the ancient fish that these flying reptiles benefited from were radically diminished in number. Pterosaur Behavior Beside their relative sizes, the pterosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous time frames contrasted from each other in two significant manners: taking care of propensities and ornamentation. By and large, scientistss can induce a pterosaurs diet from the size and state of its jaws, and by taking a gander at undifferentiated from conduct in present day feathered creatures, (for example, pelicans and seagulls). Pterosaurs with sharp, slender mouths undoubtedly stayed alive on fish, while atypical genera like Pterodaustro benefited from microscopic fish (this pterosaurs thousand or so small teeth shaped a channel, similar to that of a blue whale) and the fanged Jeholopterus may have sucked dinosaur blood like a vampire bat (however most scientistss excuse this thought). Like present day flying creatures, a few pterosaurs additionally had rich ornamentationnot brilliantly hued quills, which pterosaurs never figured out how to develop, yet noticeable head peaks. For instance, Tupuxuaras adjusted peak was wealthy in veins, an intimation that it might have changed shading in mating shows, while Ornithocheirus had coordinating peaks on its upper and lower jaws (however its indistinct if these were utilized for show or taking care of purposes). Generally questionable, however, are the long, hard peaks on the noggins of pterosaurs like Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus. A few scientistss accept that Pteranodons peak filled in as a rudder to help balance out it in flight, while others conjecture that Nyctosaurus may have donned a vivid sail of skin. Its an engaging thought, however some optimal design specialists question that these adjustments could have been genuinely practical. Pterosaur Physiology The key characteristic that recognized pterosaurs from land-bound feathered dinosaurs that advanced into flying creatures was the idea of their wings which comprised of wide folds of skin associated with an all-encompassing finger on each hand. In spite of the fact that these level, expansive structures gave a lot of lift, they may have been more qualified to detached coasting than controlled, fluttering flight, as prove by the strength of genuine ancient winged animals before the finish of the Cretaceous time frame (which might be credited to their expanded mobility). In spite of the fact that theyre just remotely related, old pterosaurs and present day feathered creatures may share shared one significant element for all intents and purpose: a warm-blooded digestion. Theres proof that a few pterosaurs (like Sordes) brandished layers of crude hair, an element for the most part connected with warm-blooded vertebrates, and its muddled if an unfeeling reptile could have produced enough interior vitality to continue itself in flight. Like current flying creatures, pterosaurs were likewise recognized by their sharp vision (a need for chasing from many feet noticeable all around!), which involved a greater than-normal mind than that controlled by earthbound or amphibian reptiles. Utilizing propelled methods, researchers have even had the option to reproduce the size and state of the cerebrums of some pterosaur genera, demonstrating that they contained further developed coordination places than equivalent reptiles. Pterosaurs (winged reptiles) hold an extraordinary spot throughout the entire existence of life on earth: they were the main animals, other than bugs, to effectively populate the skies. The development of pterosaurs generally resembled that of their earthbound cousins, the dinosaurs, as the little, basal types of the late Triassic time frame slowly offered approach to greater, further developed structures in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Before we continue, however, its essential to address one significant misinterpretation. Scientistss have discovered unquestionable evidence that advanced flying creatures are slid not from pterosaurs, yet from little, feathered, land-bound dinosaurs (actually, on the off chance that you could by one way or another think about the DNA of a pigeon, a Tyrannosaurus Rex and a Pteranodon, the initial two would be more firmly identified with one another than either would be to the third). This is a case of what researcher call merged development: nature has a method of finding similar arrangements (wings, empty bones, and so forth.) to a similar issue (how to fly). The First Pterosaurs Similar to the case with dinosaurs, scientistss dont yet have enough proof to recognize the single antiquated, non-dinosaur reptile from which all pterosaurs advanced (the absence of a missing linksay, an earthly archosaur with half-created folds of skinmay be delighting to creationists, yet you need to recollect that fossilization involves possibility. Most ancient species arent spoke to in the fossil record, essentially in light of the fact that they kicked the bucket in conditions that didnt take into account their protection.) The main pterosaurs for which we have fossil proof prospered during the center to late Triassic period, around 230 to 200 million years prior. These flying reptiles were portrayed by their little size and long tails, just as dark anatomical highlights (like the bone structures in their wings) that recognized them from the further developed pterosaurs that followed. These rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, as theyre called, incorporate Eudimorphodon (perhaps the most punctual pterosaur known), Dorygnathus and Rhamphorhynchus, and they endured into the right on time to center Jurassi

Intercultural Relationships And Communication In School Education Essay Free Essays

Are You Tired Of Writing 7 Tips To Overcome That!

Are You Tired Of Writing 7 Tips To Overcome That! Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Are You Tired Of Writing? 7 Tips To Overcome That!Updated On 23/04/2017Author : authorTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozkeVV CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogThere are many people around the web who makes their living by writing and Im another proud one among them. Sometimes I feel writing has been torturing me and I dont feel like writing at all. Im also a busy human like others, I do have my personal life and when I come home ending up a busy day, nothing concerns me more than a good sleep.I heard people often saying, “When you’re tired, you must have rest. Don’t write until you start feeling better”. Everyone is ready to give a useless advice when others are struggling with something. They don’t understand how pressure a writer feel when he has some work to do and he don’t feel like doing.I feel being tired is no less than a writers’ block. All the time, I’ve been working for my paid writings, personal writings and managing my personal life (home, family, friends, bla-bla…) and it’s quite difficult for me to get back into my shorts and sit in front of my computers for few more hours. Whenever I feel so, I turn complicated things into simple ones.1. Save Heavy Parts for the next dayWriting for web isn’t just a bunch of words, clients expect an SEO friendly, optimized, keyword rich in my article and I must satisfy theirs’. So to make your writing easier at such odd times, flag those parts which you feel difficult as To Do’s for the next day.2. Dig out the project of funSome of technical writings are serious by nature and work, while some others are fun to do. Suppose if you are going to publish an e-book or tutorial, you can work with the multimedia tools rather than editing your copyright and disclaimer.3. Complete all the simple stuffThis part is followed by the previous one. When you’ve saved all the tou gh tasks for the next day, you’re directly meant to complete the remaining simple parts on that very day.READIt's Hard To Earn Money From Blogging, But Not For The Reasons You Might Think4. Watch Your IntakesI often see people, who feel put themselves in a writers’ block condition. Even they change their food habits at such conditions. But I suggest you to take a small lunch and please don’t take too much coffee. The carbohydrates and caffeine in that can definitely affect your energy levels. Also drinking water regularly will help you to blog better.5. Take a WalkWhen you don’t feel like writing at all, take a walk and have some fresh air to get your blood flowing and clear your brain.6.Grab Your HeadphonesMost of the people motivate themselves with music and so I. Put on your headphones and listen to your favorite numbers. You can also do this while writing. Personally, I am a great fan of Taylor Swift and I usually write hearing to her latest albums. If you have a Dropbo x account, you can upload your favorite files there and play music from your Dropbox account or you can download some awesome MP3 Songs from Grooveshark.7. Still Can’t Work? Take a leaveIf none of these works for you, then you should better take a leave or a short-term vacation. If you don’t have enough time to go out for a vacation, you can at least do refreshing things of your type like I go for bike riding, golf course or watch a movie.If you are interested in blogging and travelling, you can check these out :35 Painful Mistakes Travel Bloggers Make (And How To Fix Them)25 Great Online Tools for Travelers and VacationersThis article is written by Koundeenya Dhulipalla. He is the owner of Ink Drops. If you wish to write for HBB, kindly check this.

Human Trafficking And Smuggling Of Migrants Essay

Is there distinction between human trafficking and smuggling of migrants? The confusion around human trafficking and the smuggling of immigrants’ leads to production of incorrect interpretation of the two cases within the professional circles (Batsyukova 2012: 39). Recently, the smuggling of migrants across international borders has hurriedly developed from a small scale cross border activity affecting many countries into a global multi-million dollar enterprise (Forced Migration Review- Bhaba Zard 2006: 6). It is estimated that 800 000 people are smuggled across international borders each year (Forced Migration Review- Bhaba Zard 2006: 6). Almost every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims‟(UNODC 2014) This essay will provide a comparative analytical perspective in relation to definitional and conceptual issues regarding the differences between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants; if there is any inter-relationship between the two phenomena and if regular or irregular migration impacts on either or both of the two phenomena. Initially, a distinction must be made between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants. The terms â€Å"trafficking† and â€Å"smuggling† often are used interchangeably, despite there being distinct differences between them (Kaizen and Nonneman 2007: 122). Therefore, it is extremely crucial that the distinction between the two phenomena is made clear. TraffickingShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Human Smuggling1328 Words   |  6 Pagesconvince my readers that human trafficking and human smuggling are not the same. It is important to identify these two key terms in an effort to better understand them. By doing this my readers will have a better understanding of why it is important to distinction them. Human trafficking and human smuggling are huge markets worldwide and as a result can provide many of those involved with an income. The amount of income that is produced annually due to human trafficking is not known. According toRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the topic human trafficking, mostly everyone knows that it has a lot of history to its name. According to ben skinner, â€Å" there are more slaves in the world today then ever before†(E. Benjamin pg. xi). There have been many incidents and cases with human trafficking such as, sex trade, smuggling, violence, et c. Today, one can show how real is Human Trafficking. This paper details the big enigma exist todays date, that Human Trafficking is real. Trafficking can happen in almost everyRead MoreEssay on Human Trafficking in the United States593 Words   |  3 Pageslooking at illegal migration: people immigrating because of human trafficking, and people being smuggled unlawfully in order to find a better life. Labor trafficking is often entangled with illegal immigration and smuggling (Barrick). Trafficking occurs when a migrant is illicitly recruited and/or moved by means of deception or coercion to economically exploit the migrant in ways that violate their fundamental human rights (Johnson). Smuggling, on the other hand, includes two willing parties engagedRead MoreHuman Smuggling And Human Trafficking1525 Words   |  7 PagesHuman smuggling is defined as the act of facilitating, transporting or aiding the illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, delibera tely evading the country s immigration laws. Human trafficking is similar, but not quite the same since the person being trafficked has not given consent, while smuggling is under an agreement between smuggler and customer. A victim of trafficking is also usually treated as possession to be controlled and exploited (Human Trafficking Gale)Read MoreInternational Law Threatens Western Countries1262 Words   |  6 Pagesrelation to comparative criminology in the second and the third part with illustration of various international data. Firstly, violations of international law generally refer to violation of human rights. Human rights are a complex area in international theory and practice. It is considered as International Human Rights Law in its legal manifestation (Cali, 2010:282). The International Law Commission defines the concept that crime against humanity contravenes peace and security (Cali, 2010:282). SinceRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime1278 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking and smuggling has been in existence across the world for thousands of years. While both of these issues deserve equal public awareness, they are very different from one another. The United Nations office reveals consent, exploitation and transnationality are the most important differences (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Web). From ancient Greek to medieval times, up until today, both physical and sexual slavery is commonly used. Humans all over the world are trappedRead M oreThe Modern Form Of Migrant Trafficking998 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern form of migrant trafficking emerged as a concomitant of the rapid globalization of world economies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when technological innovation allowed for greater ease of movement of information, goods, and people. In addition to technological advancements, economic interdependence brought about by cross-border flows of commodities, services and capital created new markets in industries like resource extraction, textiles, and service, among others. While globalizationRead MoreThe Nature And Scope Of Human Trafficking964 Words   |  4 PagesD’Andre Lampkin once said, â€Å"in this great land of the free we call it human trafficking. And so long as we don’t partake in the luxury, ignoring slavery is of no consequence. It is much easier to look away and ignore the victims. The person who ignores slavery justifies it by quickly deducting the victim is a willing par ticipant hampered by misfortune.† There is much discussion on the subject of modern-day slavery, or human trafficking, which has increased through media and national attention. HoweverRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Smuggling1430 Words   |  6 Pages61. Given the recent international attention to the refugee and migrant crisis, the issue of human smuggling from the coast of Libya has also come to the fore. Libya serves as a nexus point for the Central Mediterranean Route, the name given to the migratory flow from North Africa to Malta and Italy through the Mediterranean Sea. The various routes from Western Africa and the Horn in Africa converge on the Libyan coast before the perilous Mediterranean Sea crossing. 62. According to Frontex, â€Å"[i]nRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Form Of Modern Day Slavery1339 Words   |  6 Pages Trafficking in persons or TIP, â€Å"is a form of modern day slavery† (Women’s Bureau 2002). â€Å"Traffickers often prey on individuals who are poor; frequently unemployed, or underemployed, and who may lack access to social safety nets. Victims are often lured by traffickers with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhumane conditions†(Attorney General). TIP â€Å"involves the use of violence, threats or deception to create a pliant and exploitable work force†

Essay on Keynesian Revolution - 1244 Words

Keynesian Revolution Classical economic theory assumed that a ‘free-market’ economy is a ‘self regulating’ system that continually tends toward a full-employment equilibrium, with optimum economic benefits for everyone. Therefore, the best government economic policy is to ‘excuse itself’ and give utmost freedom to individual enterprise. A key element of the ‘Keynesian revolution’ was its demonstration that these basic assumptions are false, both in theory and practice, and its assertion that, therefore, the most appropriate government macro-economic policy is to view the whole economy as if it were a single huge business enterprise which needs to be managed as one. In any individual business enterprise, a basic tool of†¦show more content†¦Amazingly, some of its adversaries that challenged the intellectual claims of the Monetarist controversy - bearing in mind, it were these experimental issues opposed to the theoretical is sues, which divided Monetarists from Keynesians. Nevertheless, the biggest guns of Keynesian macroeconomics (Robert Solow, James Tobin, and many more) that came out to combat a single man with some very compelling ideas, Milton Friedman. Despite the fact that, at this time it would be hard to find any single economist, who did not have an opinion on theories. Monetarism is acknowledged as a Neoclassical â€Å"counter-revolution† to the prevailing Keynesian Revolution. Friedman s model explores the internal logic of these developments by examining the sociology of economic knowledge construction and destruction. From here Monetarism was a powerful intellectual revolution, which has left an indelible imprint on macroeconomics and economic policy forever. Or was it just a fad? Whatever your conclusion, there can be no doubt that the â€Å"Monetarist counter-revolution† that raged in economics has been one of the most fervently contested battles in ‘modern’ economics. The great â€Å"counter-revolutionary† contribution was the introduction of the natural rate hypothesis by Friedman and Phelps. More specifically, it led to the interpretation of other ‘anti-Keynesian’ contributions by the Monetarists, such as the Phillips Curve and the â€Å"St. Louis†Show MoreRelatedPolicy Review And The Lucas Criticisms Essay919 Words   |  4 Pages Policy Review and the Lucas Critiques Orthodox Keynesian economists believe that the change of the money supply will lead to the change of effective demand, and further result in the change of the economy. However, in the monetary economy cycle theories, the expected monetary supply changes will not influence the total economy; the unexpected money supply changes will impact the total economic in short term. In the long term, it merely impacts the changes of general price levels, instead of onRead MoreEssay Keynesian Economics1662 Words   |  7 Pagesmacroeconomics is relatively new, generally beginning with the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s. Keyness ideas revolutionized thinking in several areas of macroeconomics, including unemployment, money supply, and inflation. Keynesian Theory and Unemployment Unemployment causes a great deal of social distress and concern; as a result, the causes and consequences of unemployment have received the most attention in macroeconomic theory. Until the publication in 1936 ofRead MoreKayne vs Hayek1370 Words   |  6 Pagesunemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. The two major theories of economics are Classical Economics and Keynesian Economics. Classical economists believe that markets function very well, will quickly react to any changes in equilibrium and that a â€Å"laissez faire† government policy works best. Keynesian economists believe that markets react very slowly to changes in equilibrium (especial to changes in prices) and that active government intervention isRead MorePaper on Keynesian Contributions to Public Finance.2759 Words   |  12 PagesPAPER ON KEYNESIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PUBLIC FINANCE 1. Impact of Keynesian Revolution on Public Finance In 1936 British economist John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Distressed by the failure of national governments to cope with the Great Depression, Keynes rejected many assumptions of classical economics and argued that state intervention, and in particular regulation of interest rates, could control inflation and minimize unemployment. What howeverRead MoreTaking a Look at the 1920s1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdepression. The influence of Keynes in the interpretation of the Great Depression and establishment of public policies in the U.S. just started to become known during the Second World War, when the work of North American Keynesian, like Hansen, became popular. But the greatest impact of Keynesian thought was in formulating economic policy in the postwar period. The construction of the Bretton Woods system was based on the interpretation that the international monetary system based on gold standard was oneRead MoreEssay on Commanding Heights Part 1 Summary731 Words   |  3 PagesThe â€Å"Battle’ in this documentary is basically the struggle between free market and increased government control in the era characterized by globalization. These economic revolutions that would follow would turn out to determine the future of our planet. Essentially, it was John Maynard Keynes v. Friedrich von Hayek, two of the most well-known economists of their time. Keynes could see the faults of free mar ket in the time after the war and that all of those errors could be fixed if the governmentRead MoreNew Classical Macroeconomics And Macroeconomics Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing four propositions: first, private economy can be stable; second, currency is neutral in the long run; third, currency can be neutral in the short term; and forth, the economic policy of Keynesian positive intervention is harmful (Dornbusch, 1990). Currently, New classical Macroeconomics and Keynesian are the two major schools of mainstream economics in the world. This essay hopes to deeply and critically discuss the ideas and arguments of New classical Macroeconomics. This essay will firstRead MoreClassical School Of Thought And The Great Depression1020 Words   |  5 PagesClassical school of thought dates back to the Enlightenment movement and the Industrial Revolution during the eighteenth century, where secularization started to happen resulting in changes on the way of thinking and analyzing daily life. Adam Smith, also known as the father of economics, wrote An Enquiry into the causes of the Wealth of the Nations in 1776, where he discusses how the wealth of a nation is measured (by GDP), division of labor and lastly, introduces the invisible hand that controlsRead MoreEssay on Economic Philosophies528 Words   |  3 Pageseconomy is controlled directly by the government. Marx says that if the government plays no part in the economy, then the economy will collapse, and there will be a revolution of the working class. Karl Marx says that a wage-labor war will break down society and cause a downfall of the economic structure. He feels that after the revolution of the working class, each individual of society will hold an intricate part of the economy. Everyone is the same and no one has any special abilities or talentsRead MoreThe Classical View Of Employment And Income1523 Words   |  7 Pagesdetail on the classical view of full employment, and the Keynesian view of full employment to help you understand better how each school viewed full employment, and how to achieve it. The classical view gives you a look into the supply side of the economy using Say’s law and the Say’s law flow diagram. Most economists followed the classical view up until the 1930’s. Then John Maynard Keynes influenced the world with the Keynesian Revolution. Keynes believed that demand is what should be the focus

Essay on History of Chemistry Chemical Weapons - 802 Words

Chemical weapons are deadly, in-humane, not safe, and overkill. They are consider WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) and have been on the rise since the early 1900s. These weapons are past and present proof that chemistry can crossover into technology. And have a huge impact on society for decades. Chemical weapons originated in early World War I. They were simple grenades or mortars filled with common chemicals. These specialized grenades were popularized by the Germans and then were seen used by even the Allied Forces. They were popularized by their area of effect and useful in the trench warfare. There are several different types of chemical weapons and they all have different effects on their victims. All the effects being extremely†¦show more content†¦People then determined that they were inhumane and they were outlawed via different world laws. The laws started to appear in the early 1920s and different ones were issued throughout the next few decades. This affected warfare greatly causing the weapons to fill military stockpiles everywhere and are extremely illegal to date. The first world law was the Geneva Protocol.This law â€Å"prohibits the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices and bacteriological methods of warfare. It was named the â€Å"Geneva† Protocol because it was written into place in Geneva, Switzerland on June 17th 1925. But problems arose as it did not ban production and storage of the weapons. Since the Geneva Protocol only banned use of these weapons, and the weapons were so str ong, several countries developed these lethal chemical weapons and stored them in surplus. But soon, laws came into place to stop that also. The Biological Weapons Convention was developed by the British and was functionable in March of 75. This was during the cold war era in fear of the lethal weapons regaining popularity.The BWC prohibited manufacturing and storing the weapons. There was also the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) which forced the destruction of currently stored chemical weapons. Before chemical weapons, society was a different place. War had more honor involved. And was filled with moreShow MoreRelatedThe Development and Effects of Chemical Weapons Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesand the item discussed today will be about Chemical Weapons. The chemical weapon is a device that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm to human beings. The following are some of the questions that will be answered in my paper. What was society like before the discovery of chemical weapons? How did natural resources limit or advance chemical weapons? How are chemical weapons affecting society today? Lastly, what impact will chemical weapons have on the future of the world? InRead MoreUsing Chemicals as Weapons in War Essay example999 Words   |  4 Pageswar since man has been on Earth. Over time, war tactics, weapon, armor, and even the soldier has changed. The main weapon that has changed the battlefield has been the use of chemicals to stun, immobilize, or cause death. Chemical warfare isn’t a new form of fighting; it has been around since 400 B.C., but even a powerful and versatile weapon has its disadvantages. Nature always finds a way to fight in a battle too. The threat of a chemical attack haunts every country today. The extreme tension inRead MoreChemical Weapons: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesChemical Warfare is not the same as nuclear warfare, or the same as biological warfare. Chemical warfare involves using the deadly properties of chemical substances as weapons.Most weapons used in chemical warfare are considered to beâ€Å"weapons of mass destruction† or, WMDs, and are not considered to b e conventional weapons. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to neutralize targets; it depends on the chemical properties of a chemical agent weaponized. Defoliants are an example.TheyRead MoreMustard Gas: Molecule That Changed the World821 Words   |  3 Pagesderivatives of olefines’[4] as â€Å"smelling like mustard, tasting like garlic, and causing blisters after contact with the skin†. Historically, mustard Gas had found no significant use until World War I where interest spread in the development of new chemical weapons [5]. Wilhelm Steinkopf, a German chemist; working under the invitation of Fritz Haber, was responsible for developing a large scale method of mustard gas production [6]. He did this using a process developed by an English chemist; Hans ThatcherRead MoreForensic Chemistry Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesForensic Chemistry Forensic Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with chemical analysis of evidence found at crime sites and any other substance that may have been used during a crime. Examples would be like analyzing the weapon for DNA and fingerprints, and analyzing any substance like spit or blood that might contain the criminals or the victims DNA in it. Forensic Chemistry is very popular today, as it is in many famous TV shows, especially CSI, which means crime scene investigatorRead MoreChemical Warfare Persuasive Reasearch Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesthis essay is to deal with the fact that chemical warfare should be brought back to modern warfare strategies. As Warren Rudman said, â€Å"And they will tell you unequivocally that if we have a chemical or biological attack or a nuclear attack anywhere in this country, they are unprepared to deal with it today, and that is of high urgency.† Rudman’s words are true in what they say and that we should do everything to counter-act his statement. Biological weapons are a key to outstanding success in warRead More Controlling Chemical and Biological Weapons Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesControlling Chemical and Biological Weapons History and Introduction Chemical and biological weapons (CBWs) have been used over the ages as an effective means of warfare. The earliest incident of biological weapons (BWs) occurred in the third century B.C., when the Carthaginian leader Hannibal filled up pots with venomous snakes and threw them onto enemy ships. (Cirincione, 48) Since then, biological weapons have been used very infrequently. This is mainly due to enormous cost required toRead MoreEssay about Chemical Warfare1340 Words   |  6 Pagespeople contorted with a pain that comes from within. Chemical warfare has long been acknowledged as a devastating tactical weapon, but the origin of this impression is now being debated. While it is a common held belief that chemical warfare is a form of modern warfare and that the First World War is recognised for introducing this type of combat, recent archaeological finds show this may prove otherwise. According to accepted definitions of chemical warfare, newly discovered battle tactics used by humani ty’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Syrian Chemical Weapons Destruction : Taking Stock And Looking Ahead 1531 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you turn on the news lately you cannot help but hear about the conflict in Syria. Syria’s use of chemical weapons on civilians has been very controversial over the last four years. This paper analyzes an article that discusses how Syria became a part of the Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the resistance that the OPCW faced during the inspection of Syria, the cost to disarm Syria and how despite the claim that 98% of the stockpile has been destroyed, how canisters ofRead MoreThe Ukrainian Chemical Industry And Petrochemical Businesses1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ukrainian chemical industry includes chemical and petrochemical businesses. Products produced in Ukraine include mineral fertilisers, non-organic acids, such as sulphuric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. The petrochemical industry also manufactures ca r and motor-cycle tyres, hoses, and consumer goods. While some of these items have applications in CW and CW decontamination, it is extremely unlikely that Ukraine is using them in this context given the absence of several other important components

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For this assignment I interviewed a Japanese student called Akiko. Akiko originates from North Tokyo and moved to England 3 and a half years ago with her husband and her son. Akiko has a very good level of education with a degree in Psychology which she obtained in Japan. She learnt English as a compulsory subject at school and has been learning to speak English for the past 10 years. Akiko would eventually like to teach English to children in Japan. As well as English, Akiko can also speak a little Mandarin. Akiko does not speak a lot of English outside of the classroom as the majority of her friends are Japanese. Therefore, there is not a great urgency for her to speak very much English. This may be the reason why Akiko says she finds learning to speak English so difficult compared to reading and writing. Akiko does not currently have a job in England, but she used to volunteer at a day care centre in Cricklade. This text will also provide students the opportunity to get together and practise their English as most of the text has proper names of places, which will help students identify the capitalization of Proper Nouns for a writing task for example. Receptive Skills The aims of this lesson are: Detailed reading or intensive reading, as Jim Scrivener (Learning Teaching, p. 264) states, reading texts closely and carefully with the intention of gaining understanding of as much detail as possible. 1 Gist reading skimming the written text to get a general idea of what it is about 2, as Jeremy Harmer states (How to Teach English, p. 101). Task Summary Setting the context: The topic for the lesson is London attractions in Greenwich. As a lead in, to get the students interested in the material, I would ask them to look at the title of the text, Greenwich is packed full of Londons most popular attractions, and in groups write down what these popular attractions may be. The resulting group discussions would have the students forming ideas on attractions in London, which correlates to the content of the text. This will act as a good transition into the following reading tasks. Although there are plenty of new vocabulary items in the article, I think students would not have any significant difficulties in grasping the overall meaning of the text. Detailed reading task For the detailed reading task, the students would read through the article and give short true or false answers to comprehension about the attractions there are to explore in the Greenwich area of London. This task focuses on the sub-skill of reading for detail, as the students will need to find the attractions listed in the article and why the statements are true or false. Rationale: The purpose of this activity is to inform students of the attractions London has to offer within Greenwich. To encourage the reading I would give the students an ample amount of time for this activity. Students would peer-check and receive class feedback. The language and phrases derived from this activity may be useful for a following writing activity. Gist reading task This task will require the students to gist read the title of the article and describe what they think the article is about. Rationale: This task focuses on the reading sub-skill of skimming for gist. The reason for this activity is to ensure that the students understand the general topic of the text and this may also generate more interest to read the text further. To complete this task effectively, students would need to skim the title to get a general understanding of the article. The students would have 3 minutes for this activity and discuss in pairs or groups. An enforced time limit ensures that just conclude a general summary of what the article may be about. Productive Skills Writing task 1: The students will write a short/brief description of popular attractions in their own country or town, using the article as an example. Rationale: The writing task should allow students to be able to write about something that they can relate to, modeling texts similar to the article read. Writing task 2: Students will write a short informal e-mail to a friend, giving information about an attraction they have visited in London. Learners will inform their friends of a place where they ate and drank and places they shopped and an attraction such as architecture for example. Rationale: This task is a real-life scenario of communicating, and provides a good opportunity for students to practice and develop their skills. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1 Jim Scrivener, Learning Teaching: The Essential Guide to English Language Teaching, MacMillan, 2010 2 Jeremy Harmer, How to teach English: New Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2007 Online [1]. http://metro. co. uk/2012/09/07/greenwich-is-packed-full-of-londons-most-popular-attractions-567671/, November 30, 2013 [online] Available at: Greenwich is packed full of London’s most popular attractions Friday 7 Sep 2012 2:23 pm The insider’s guide to the capital’s hidden gems visits Greenwich – an area where there’s plenty of time to explore. The National Maritime Museum is one of London’s leading lights (Pic: File) Chances are, if you’re in Greenwich, you came to see the Cutty Sark, the Royal Naval Museum or to stand with your legs either side of the Meridian Line at the Royal Observatory. These are some of London’s most popular attractions – and for good reason – but they are by no means all Greenwich has to offer. Venture off the tourist trail and you’ll find a winding, historic neighbourhood with some great places to eat, drink and shop. The main strip, around Cutty Sark DLR station, has a seaside vibe. It’s popular with visitors and the famous covered Greenwich Market (Tue to Sun, 10am-5. 30pm, shopgreenwich. co. uk/greenwich-market ) is likely to be one of your first stops. One half sells fairly standard market fair, including graffiti prints, jewellery and clothing from far flung corners of the world. The other half comprises food stalls (on Wednesdays and weekends) which are a great alternative to the clutch of tourist-orientated eateries and lacklustre chains on Greenwich Church Street. Exotic, cheap and extremely tasty, the queues are worth it for Ethiopian stews, pad Thai or sushi. Unfortunately, there isn’t really anywhere to sit, so either head around the corner for a bench view of the Cutty Sark or, better still, lose the crowds altogether by heading to the picturesque park behind St Alfege Church, just a stone’s throw from the market. In terms of shopping, Greenwich has a surprising amount of gems. In the main melee, you’ll find the reliable second-hand charity bookshop Oxfam Books (2 College Approach, Tel: 020 8305 1656), as well as Music Video Exchange (23 Greenwich Church Street, Tel: 020 8858 8898), both good for a rummage. Further treasure can be found around the corner and down the road at Greenwich High Road’s Clocktower Market (Sat and Sun, 10am-5pm, clocktowermarket. co. uk ). You’ll come across hard-to-find CDs, tatty old beer signs and even some decent vintage clothing. However, if you’ve already bought enough treats, next to the market, you’ll find films of a largely artistic nature being screened at the Greenwich Picturehouse (180 Greenwich High Road, Tel: 0871 902 5732, picturehouses. co. uk ). In need of sustenance? If the weather is good, a few places further south on Royal Hill are good for a sit-down away from the visitor furore. The Greenwich Union (56 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8692 6258, greenwichunion. com ) and Richard I (52-54 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8692 2996, richardthefirst. co. uk ) are popular with locals and both have tables out where you can nurse a pint while watching the world go by – very slowly. Or, continuing in the same direction, you’ll find the Guildford Arms (55 Guildford Grove, Tel: 020 8691 6293, theguildfordarms. co. uk ), another pub, this time with a beautiful, hidden garden. For tea and cake, Royal Teas (76 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8691 7240, royalteascafe. co. uk ) takes some beating. Or pull up a tables at Buenos Aires Cafe (86 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8488 6764, buenosairesltd. com ), which is the perfect place for a couple of empanadas and a coffee. If those clouds are looking a bit ominous, back towards the action you’ll find La Fleur (18 Royal Hill, Tel; 020 8305 1772). Part plant shop, part cafe, it’s essentially a cafe in a greenhouse. Back in the thick of it, by Cutty Sark station you’ll find plenty of folk heading to riverside pubs. Try The Trafalgar Tavern (6 Park Row, Tel: 020 8858 2909, trafalgartavern. co. uk ) and The Cutty Sark Tavern (4-6 Ballast Quay, Tel: 020 8858 3146, cuttysarktavern. co. uk ), both of which have views of the river. Truth be told, the vista isn’t that pretty, so you’re better off venturing across Greenwich Park to the Royal Observatory on One Tree Hill. The hill is no relation to the US TV show. In fact, you couldn’t get more British. Trek to the top for a panorama of Greenwich and the skyscrapers of Docklands behind it. APPENDIX A: Receptive skills Detailed reading task Instructions: Read the statements below and decide if they are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the space provided. a) Cutty Sark is not in Greenwich. __ b) You can buy food from the food stalls on Wednesday and weekends. __ c) There are no pubs in Greenwich. __ d) There are no places to shop in Greenwich. __ e) You can eat and drink water and crackers at the Royal Teas__ f) The Royal Observatory is near a park__ Answer sheet detailed reading a) F False b) T- True c) F False d) F False e) F False f) T True Gist reading task Instructions Read the title of article and describe what you think the article is about. Answer sheet gist reading The article is about Londons most popular attractions in Greenwich. APPENDIX B: Productive skills Writing task 1: Write a short/brief description of a popular attraction in your own country or town. In your description include: A famous place tourists can visit, a place to eat and describe the food (Remember that the place of the name must be in capital letter) - Writing Task 2 Your friend Antonio has e-mailed you and asked you to write him about a tourist attraction in the city of London. Write an e-mail to Antonio telling him: ? (Where to go for a meal and drinks) (Where to shop and what they sell) (What attraction to see and why they should see this)